Handbook of the Old-Northern Runic Monuments — Stephens (1884)

About this text

George Stephens' 1884 handbook on the 24-rune older futhark: the alphabet, the monuments and the inscriptions themselves. It gives what the stones say, not what Fehu means — the runic evidence rather than the modern meanings, and therefore the primary record any claim about the runes stands on.

The clause that rides with it

The 24-rune Elder Futhark row is attested in the epigraphy (the Vimose comb, about 150 AD; the Kylver stone, about 400 AD). The one-stave-one-meaning divinatory layer attached to it is modern — a twentieth-century reconstruction, not a Viking-age practice. We publish the evidence and say so.

Download the PDF (free) — public domain, no account needed. Practice the system in the rune oracle.